SACL — Acronym for system access control list. In Windows NT programming, a data structure that consists of smaller data structures called access control elements (ACE). SACL is used in Windows NT security.

Salvagable File — A file saved by NetWare in the DELETED.SAV directory after the file has been deleted, so it can still be recovered.

SALVAGE — A NetWare 3.1x command used to recover deleted files that have not been purged.

SAM — Acronym for Security Accounts Manager. See directory database.

Same-Server Migration — An upgrade method using MIGRATE.EXE to upgrade a 2.1x, 2.2, 3.1x; IBM PCLP 1.3 Extended Services; IBM LAN Server 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3; and Microsoft LAN Manager 2.0 to 4.1. This method requires two computers: The existing server to be upgraded to 4.1, and DOS client running NetWare client software, with local hard disk.

Sandboxing — The Java security model, which provides control over how Java applets can interact with a computer system

SAP — In the Windows environment, SAP is an acronym for Service Advertising Protocol, a service that broadcasts shared files, directories, and printers categorized first by domain or workgroup and then by server name. In the context of routing and IPX, SAP is also an acronym for Service Advertising Protocol, used by servers to advertise their services and addresses on a network. Clients use SAP to determine what network resources are available. In NetBeui, SAP is an acronym for Service Access Point, in which each link-layer program identifies itself by registering a unique service access point. Not to be confused with SAP financial database application software for the mainframe computer.

Satellite Microwave Sys — A form of microwave data communication that uses communication satellite to link two or more ground-based microwave transmitters and receivers. Satellite transmission can be relatively select or broad-based.

Saturation — The purity of a color's hue, moving from gray to the pure color.

SBACKUP — Loadable module used at the server console to backup and restore data.

SC connector — Connector type for fiber optic cable assemblies. segment - A section of the physical network. This term can also refer to all of the nodes within a broadcast domain or even the length of cable between two terminators.

Scalability — The ability of a computing element such as a process, processor, or structure to grow seamlessly.

Scavenging — Cleaning up the WINS database. See also WINS.

Schedule service — Supports and is required for use of the at command. The at command can schedule commands and programs to run on a computer at a specified time and date.

Scheduling — The process of determining which threads should be executed according to their priority and other factors.

Screen buffer — The size reserved in memory for the command prompt display.

Screen elements — The parts that make up a window or dialog box, such as the title bar, the Minimize and Maximize buttons, the window borders, and the scroll bars.

Screen fonts — Fonts displayed on your screen. Soft-font manufacturers often provide screen fonts that closely match the soft fonts for your printer. This ensures that your documents look the same on the screen as they do when printed. Windows NT fonts that can be translated for output to the print device. See also font; font types.

Screen saver — A moving picture or pattern that appears on your screen when you have not used the mouse or the keyboard for a specified period of time. Use the Display option in Control Panel or right click on the desktop for properties to select a screen saver.

Script — A program consisting of a set of instructions to an application or utility program

SCRIPT_SERVER — A login script command that can be used by NetWare 2 and NetWare 3 users to specify a bindery-based server to run a login script from.

Scriptlet — A reusable Web page in which Dynamic HTML script has been written according to certain conventions

Scroll — To move through text or graphics (up, down, left, or right) in order to see parts of the file that cannot fit on the screen.

Scroll arrow — An arrow on either end of a scroll bar that you use to scroll through the contents of the window or list box. Click the scroll arrow to scroll one screen at a time, or continue pressing the mouse button while pointing at the scroll arrow to scroll continuously.

Scroll Bar — A gray horizontal or vertical bar that appears at the right and/or bottom edge of a window or list box whose contents are not completely visible. It enables you to scroll the screen horizontally or vertically using the mouse. Each scroll bar contains two scroll arrows and a scroll box, which enable you to scroll through the contents of the window or list box. A scroll box in the bar shows the current display’s position relative tot he entire document contained in that window.

Scroll box — In a scroll bar, a small box that shows the position of information currently visible in the window or list box relative to the contents of the entire window.

Scroll buffer — The area in memory that holds information that does not fit on the screen. You can use the scroll bars to scroll through the information.

SCSI — Acronym for small computer system interface, a standard high-speed parallel interface defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). A SCSI interface is used for connecting microcomputers to peripheral devices such as hard disks and printers, and to other computers and local area networks. Technically it’s an I/O bus designed as a method for connecting several classes of peripherals to a host system without requiring modifications to generic hardware and software. SCSI (often pronounced "scuzzy") is the mass storage connection standard among all computers except IBM compatibles, which use either SCSI or IDE.

SDI — Storage Device Interface.It provides an interface between SBACKUP and the device driver.

SDK — The Windows Software Development Kit. A kit that programmers can use to create new applications

SDLC — Synchronous Data Link Control.The first important bit-oriented, synchronous Data-Link protocol developed by IBM for SNA (1975).

SEARCH — A console command used to indicate where the file server should look for loadable module files and .NCF batch command files.

SEARCH ADD <path> — Console command to add locations to the NLM search.

Search button — See Find tab.

Search Drive — It allows DOS to find executable files on a network directory.

SEARCH MODE — NET.CFG parameter to change the method for finding a file if it is not in the current directory.

Section header — In Windows NT RAS, a section header is a string of up to 32 characters between square brackets which identifies the specific device to which the section applies.

Secure attention sequence — A series of keystrokes (CTRL+ALT+DEL) which will always display the Windows NT operating system logon screen.

Secure communications channel — Created when computers at each end of a connection are satisfied that the computer on the other end has identified itself correctly using its computer account. See also computer account.

SECURE CONSOLE — Console command to prevent modules from being loaded from a directory different from SYS:SYSTEM and removes DOS from server memory.

Secure password authentication (SPA) — Any authentication in which the actual password is not sent over the network

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) — A protocol that supplies secure data communication through data encryption and decryption. SSL enables communications privacy over networks through a combination of public key cryptography and bulk data encryption

SECURITY — A NetWare 3.1x command used to view possible file server security violations.

Security — Measures taken to secure a system against accidental or intentional loss, usually in the form of accountability procedures and use restriction. Often it is a matter of ensuring that shared files can be accessed only by authorized users.

Security accounts manager — See Windows NT Server Directory Services.

Security Accounts Manager (SAM) — The module of the Windows NT executive that authenticates a username and password against a database of accounts, generating an access token that includes the user’s permissions.

Security database — See directory database.

Security Equivalence — A feature that allows you to give identical rights to another user.

Security host — A third-party authentication device that verifies whether a caller from a remote client is authorized to connect to the Remote Access server. This verification supplements security already authorized to connect to the Remote-Access server.

Security ID — A unique name that identifies a logged-on user to the security system. Security IDs (SIDs) can identify one user, or a group of users.

Security Identifier (SID) — A unique code that identify a specific user to the Windows NT security system. Security identifiers contain a complete set of permissions for that user. See security ID.

Security log — Records security events. This helps track changes to the security system and identify any possible breaches of security. For example, depending on the Audit settings in User Manager or User Manager for Domains, attempts to log on the local computer may be recorded in the security log. The security log contains both valid and invalid logon attempts as well as events related to resource use (such as creating, opening, or deleting files.) See also event.

Security policies — For Windows NT Workstation, the security policies consist of the Account, User Rights, and Audit policies, and are managed using User Manager.For a Windows NT Server domain, the security policies consist of the Account, User Rights, Audit, and Trust Relationships policies, and are managed using User Manager for Domains.

Security zone — In Internet Explorer, a segment of the Internet or intranet assigned a particular level of security

SECURITY.VLM — A VLM that provides additional packet security as needed.

See Files — The Macintosh-style permission that give users the right to open a folder and see the files in the folder. For example, a folder that has See Files and See Folders Macintosh-style permissions is given the Windows NT-style R (Read) permission. See also permissions.

See Folders — The Macintosh-style permission that gives users the right to open a folder and see the files contained in that folder. See also permissions.

Seed router — In the Macintosh environment, a seed router initializes and broadcasts routing information about one or more physical networks. This information tells routers where to send each packet of data. A router on an AppleTalk network that initially defines the network number(s) and zone(s) for a network. Services for Macintosh servers can function as seed routers, and you can also use third-party hardware routers as seed routers. See also packet; router.

Segm and Reassembly — Segmentation and Reassembly. A function of protocols to break up the data into smaller blocks, so the size of the data unit is acceptable by the communication network. At the receiving end, the segmented data must be reassembled (reassembly process).

Segment — See Packet.

Select — To mark an item so that a subsequent action can be carried out on that item. You usually select an item by clicking it with a mouse or pressing a key. After selecting an item, you choose the action that you want to affect the item.

Selection cursor — The marking device that shows where you are in a window, menu, or dialog box and what you have selected. The selection cursor can appear as a highlight or as a dotted rectangle around text.

Semaphore — An interprocess communication signal (using an integer value) to coordinate the activities of programs and processes in a multiprocessor environment to prevent data corruption.

Semi-Permanent Memory — Memory used by loadable modules that want a small amount of memory for a long time.

SEND — A NetWare command used to send on-line messages from one workstation to another workstation or group.

Sequence number — The identifier with which TCP marks packets before sending them. The sequence numbers allow the receiving system to properly order the packets on the receiving system. See also packet; TCP.

Serial — A method of communication that transfers data across a medium one bit at a time, usually adding start, start, and check bits to ensure quality transfer.

Serial Communication — Data transmission from one device to another over a single line, one bit at a time. It can be synchronous or asynchronous.

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) — A data link protocol that allows transmission of IP data packets over dial-up telephone connections, typically used by UNIX remote access servers. It is an implementation of the IP protocol over serial lines. SLIP has been obviated by PPP. It is still a part of Windows NT RAS to ensure interoperability with third-party remote access software.

Server — In general, refers to a computer that provides shared resources to network users. It is a computer that is dedicated to servicing requests for resources from other computers on a network. Such a computer runs administrative software that controls access to all or part of the network and its resources. See also client, member server, print server and file server.

server application — 1) On a network, a process or program that runs on a server, typically as a network resource; for example, a communications program that organizes and allocates network communications resources. More sophisticated server programs, known as client/server applications, run interactively with an application resident on network nodes. See also client/server computing. 2) In a compound document, any Windows application that allows you to edit an object when Windows informs it that you selected the object in an OLE client application. 3) In a DDE conversation, the application responding to the DDE request made by the client application. See also client application, DCOM, DCOM Configuration tool; embedded object; linked object.

Server Configuration — The settings and parameters selected while installing a new NetWare 4 server or performing maintenance work on an existing NetWare 4 server. This is done through INSTALL.NLM.

Server Console — The computer that is used to monitor and control the NetWare server activities.

Server Lockup — A situation where either the CPU or other server resources are not released by a process. In a full server lockup, no process can run, and the server is not accessible for anything.

Server Manager — In Windows NT Server, an application used to view and administer domains, workgroups, and computers.

Server message block (SMB) — The protocol developed by Microsoft, Intel, and IBM that defines a series of commands used to pass information between network computers. The redirector packages SMB requests into a network control block (NCB) structure that can be sent over the network to a remote device. The network provider listens for SMB messages destined for it and removes the data portion of the SMB request so that it can be processed by a local device

Server Protocol — Conventions that a NetWare server follows to accept and give response to workstation requests.

Server service — Provides RPC (remote procedure call) support, and file, print, and named pipe sharing. See also named pipe; RPC.

Server zone — The AppleTalk zone on which a server appears. On a Phase 2 network, a server appears in the default zone of the server’s default network. See also default network; default zone; desired zone; zone.

SERVER.EXE — NetWare Operating System. This file is copied to the DOS partition (e.g., in C:\NWSERVER) during installation. SERVER.EXE loads the NetWare operating system into the server’s memory.

Service — A process dedicated to implementing a specific function often providing an application programming interface (API) for other processes to call. Most Windows NT components are services used by User-level applications. Windows NT services are RPC-enabled, meaning that their API routines can be called from remote computers. See also API; RPC.

Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) — The Novell NetWare broadcasting protocol

Service Processes — The number of task handlers allocated for station requests.

Services for Macintosh — See Windows NT Server Services for Macintosh (SFM).

SERVMAN — Loadable module that displays statistics about the server such as speed of the processor, the number of modules loaded, and also system parameters and configurations.

SESSION — A NetWare 3.1x command used to create, change, and delete drive mappings.

Session — A link between two network devices, such as a client and a server. A session between a client and server consists of one or more connections from the client to the server.

Session layer — The 5th layer of the OSI model dedicated to maintaining a bi-directional communication connection between two computers (establishes, manages, and terminates connections between communicating applications). It is concerned with network management functions including passwords and network monitoring and reporting. The Session layer uses the services of the Transport layer to provide this service. It also handles Upper-Layer errors such as insufficient disk space or a paper jam in the printer.

SET — A console command used at the console to view the current operating system parameters and to configure the operating system to fit your particular situation.

SET STATION TIME — A NET.CFG parameter. The DOS Requester normally synchronizes the workstation time with the file server’s time. If you want otherwise, set it to OFF.

SET TIME — A Console command used to set the date and time kept by the file server.

SET TIMEZONE — A Console command used to configure time zone information in C-Language Interface Library (CLIB).

SET_TIME ON/OFF — A login script command to set the workstation time equal to the time on the server that the workstation first connects to. Default is ON.

SETTTS — A NetWare command used to ensure that the Transaction Tracking System (TTS) is working

Setup script — A text file that contains predefined settings for all the options specified during setup

SFM — Acronym for Windows NT Services for Macintosh.

SGML — Abbreviation for Standard Generalized Mark-up Language. A file format for storage of text and graphics files.

Shadow ROM — A process used in many 386 machines to map ROM BIOS activities into faster 32-bit RAM memory. Shadow memory must be loaded with BIOS routines each time the computer boots.

Share — A resource shared by a server or peer computer on a network or to make resources, such as directories and printers, available to others.

Share name — A name that refers to a shared resource on a server. Each shared directory on a server has a share name, used by PC users to refer to the directory. Users of Macintoshes use the name of the Macintosh-accessible volume that corresponds to a directory, which may be the same as the share name. See also Macintosh-accessible volume.

Share permissions — Are used to restrict a shared resource’s availability over the network to only certain users.

Share Resources Protocol — Protocols that allow dissimilar systems to share network services, such as file storage and access, and network printing.

Shareable (Sh) Attribute — An attribute of file system which allows a file to be shared by several users at a time.

Shared Data Area — Refers to a data directory to store data files that are shared on the system.

Shared directory — A directory that network users can connect to.

Shared network directory — See shared directory.

Shared resource — A printer, file, or serial computer communications device made available through the LAN to multiple computers not physically attached to the resource. In a broader sense, any device, data, or program that is used by more than one other device or program. For Windows NT, shared resources refer to any resource that is made available to network users, such as directories, files, printers, and named pipes. Also refers to a resource on a server that is available to network users. See also named pipe.

Share-level security — A security methodology in which passwords are used to restrict access to shared resources on a peer server. The only security level available on peer-to-peer networks

Shell — The user interface of an operating system; the shell launches applications and manages files systems. The shell for Windows is EXPLORER.EXE.

SHIFT — A login script command to shift the LOGIN command line parameters to the next variable.

Short name — A valid MS-DOS or OS/2 8.3 filename (with up to eight characters followed by a period and a three-character extension) that the computer running Windows NT Server creates for every Macintosh folder name or filename on the server. PC users refer to files on the server by their short names; Macintosh users refer to them by their long names. See also long name; name mapping.

Shortcut key — A key or key combination, available for some commands, that you can press to carry out a command without first selecting a menu. Shortcut keys are listed to the right of commands on a menu.

SHOW — A NetWare NMENU control command that is used to invoke sub-menus under NMENU.

SHOW DOTS — Parameter used by the NetWare DOS Requester. Set this parameter to ON if you need to see directory entries for and .. as with DOS. This parameter should be ON when using MS Windows.

SID — See security ID.

SIGNATURE LEVEL — NET.CFG Parameter that designates the level of enhanced security support.

Silent mode — During IP routing in silent mode, the computer listens to RIP broadcasts and updates its route table but does not advertise its own routes. See also RIP; routing; routing table.

Simple device — A device that you use without specifying a related media file. An audio compact-disc player is a simple device.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) — An Internet protocol for transferring mail between Internet Hosts. SMTP is often used to upload mail directly from the client to an Intermediate host, but can only be used to receive mail by computers constantly connected to the Internet.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) — The Internet’s standard for remote monitoring and management of hosts, routers, and other nodes and devices on a network. A TCP/IP-derived protocol governing network management and monitoring network devices. This protocol is used by SNMP consoles and agents to communicate. In Windows NT, the SNMP service is used to get and set status information about a host on a TCP/IP network. See also SNMP; TCP/IP.

Simplex Transmission — Transmission of signals in one direction only. That is, transmitters cannot receive, and receiver(s) cannot transmit.

Single user logon — Windows NT network users can connect to multiple servers, domains, and applications with a single network logon.

SIPP — Simple Internet Protocol Plus. One of the three IPng candidates.

Slave station — A device that can transmit only to a specific controlling node upon that node's request.

SLIP — See Serial Line Internet Protocol.

SLIST — A NetWare 3.1x command used to list all the file servers connected to the internetwork.

Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) — A high-speed, parallel-bus interface that connects hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives, tape drives, and many other peripherals to a computer. SCSI (often pronounced "scuzzy") is the mass storage connection standard among all computers except IBM compatibles, which use either SCSI or IDE.

Smart card — A small electronic device, approximately the size of a credit card, that contains an embedded integrated circuit. Used for such tasks as storing medical records, storing digital cash, and generating network IDs

SMB — Acronym for Server Message Block, a file sharing protocol designed to allow systems to transparently access files that reside on remote systems. It is included as part of the Windows NT BackOffice suite. SMS includes desktop management and software distribution that significantly automates the task of upgrading software on client computers.

SMDR — Storage Management Data Requester. It forms a data transfer channel between a host (SBACKUP) and the Target Service Agents (TSAs) loaded on the target computers.

SMF — Single-mode optical fiber. An optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at the wavelength of interest.

SMODE — Used to specify how a program will use search drives when looking for a data file.

SMS — Storage Management Services. A set of modules that work together to provide backup and restore services.

SMTP — Acronym for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols that governs the exchange of electronic mail between message transfer agents.

SNA — System Network Architecture. Developed by IBM, These networks connected systems for the same manufacturer, but they did not allow connectivity between systems from the different manufacturers.

Snapshot — A copy of main memory or video memory at a given instant, sent to a printer or a hard disk. A graphical image of the video screen can be saved by taking a snapshot of video memory, more commonly called a screen dump.

Sniffer — See network sniffer.

Sniffer files — Files saved from Network General Sniffer, a third-party protocol analyzer. See also network sniffer.

SNMP — Simple Network Management Protocol. Utility used to manage a TCP/IP-based network. It monitors and manage, the entire network from a single node (terminal), which is called the SNMP manager, in the network.

SNMP Community — A community of SNMP agents is a logical grouping of the hosts.

SNMP Trap — A message sent by an SNMP agent to notify a manager when a certain event occurs.

Socket — A software object used by a client to connect to a server; basic components include the port number and the network address of the local host. It is a bidirectional pipe for incoming and outgoing data between networked computers. The Windows Sockets API is a networking API used by programmers creating TCP/IP-based sockets applications. See also API; named pipe.

Sockets — Windows Sockets is a Windows implementation of the widely used UC Berkeley sockets API. Microsoft TCP/IP, NWLink, and AppleTalk protocols use this interface. Sockets interfaces between programs and the transport protocol and works as a bi-directional pipe for incoming and outgoing data. See also API; named pipe; socket.

SOCKS — A protocol for traversing firewalls in a secure and controlled manner, made publicly available by the Internet Engineering Task Force

Software — Any instructions, programs, or data that a computer can read, write, or process can be classified as software. More recently though, this term has been applied to a suite of programs sold as a unit and dedicated to a specific application.

Source code — A set of programming language instructions that must be translated to machine instructions before the program can run.

Source directory — The directory that contains the file or files you intend to copy or move.

Source document — The document where a linked or embedded object was originally created. See also embedded object; linked object.

Source routing — A method of routing data across bridges

Source Routing Support — It provides support to IBM hardware and applications. For example, ROUTE.NLM allows NetWare to communicate across IBM Token Ring network bridges.

Source Server — The server from which data files, bindery files, and other information are migrated upgrading to NetWare 4.

Source-Routing Bridge — A kind of bridge that is found primarily in IBM networks. In this approach, the sending station determines the entire route that the frame will follow, and it includes the routing information with the frame.

SPAP — Acronym for Shiva Password Authentication Protocol, a two-way (reversible) encryption mechanism employed by Shiva. Windows NT Workstation, when connecting to a Shiva LAN Rover, uses SPAP, as does a Shiva client connecting to a Windows NT Server. See also encryption.

Sparse File — A file that at least has one empty block.

Special access permissions — On NTFS volumes, a custom set of permissions. You can customize permissions on files and directories by selecting the individual components of the standard sets of permissions. See also access permissions.

SPI — Service provider interface, a single, well-defined set of functions used by Windows 95(8) to request network services

Spike — A brief electrical bolt, often of very high amplitude, that occurs whenever another device on the same circuit suddenly needs a large amount of power, lightning, or because of a power station switching process.

Split bar — Divides Windows NT Explorer into two parts: The directory tree is displayed on the left, and the contents of the current directory are on the right. See also directory tree.

Split Horizon — A method of configuring RIP that is used when Poison Reverse is disabled. In this case, routes learned from a particular interface are not advertised back to that interface.

SPOOL — A console command to set up a default print queue for NPRINT and CAPTURE. It can also be used to redirect print jobs sent to a printer number.

Spooler — A program that intercepts the data going to a device driver and writes it to the disk. The data is later printed or plotted when the required device is available. A spooler prevents the intermixing of output from different sources. It accepts documents sent by a user to be printed, and then stores those documents and sends them, one by one, to available printer(s). See also spooling.

Spooling — A process on a server in which print documents are stored on a disk until a printing device is ready to process them. A spooler accepts each document from each client, stores it, then sends it to a printing device when it is ready.

SPX — Sequenced Packet eXchange.A connection-oriented communication protocol for reliable packet delivery.

SPX ABORT TIMEOUT — NET.CFG parameter that adjusts the amount of time that SPX will wait before it terminates the session.

SPX CONNECTIONS — NET.CFG parameter that specifies the maximum number of SPX connections a workstation can use at the same time.

SPXCONFG — A loadable module used to configure SPX parameters, such as timeouts and retries.

SQL — Acronym for structured query language, a database programming language used for accessing, querying, and otherwise managing information in a relational database system.

SRTS — Single Reference Time Server.The only time provider (time source) available to all servers on a network, and it provides the common network time. By definition, it cannot co-exist with Primary Time Server or Reference Time Server, but it can provide time to Secondary Time Server and workstations.

ST-506 — An early hard-disk interface standard developed by Seagate. The encoding techniques used are Modified Frequency Modulation (MFM) and Run Length Limited (RLL). RLL can record data at a higher density.

ST connector — AT&T's standard connector type for fiber optic cable assemblies.

Stabilize — During subdirectory replication, when a subdirectory is stabilized, the export server waits two minutes after changes before exporting the subdirectory. The waiting period allows time for subsequent changes to take place so that all intended changes are recorded before being replicated. See also directory replication; export server; subtree.

Stackable hub — A hub, usually with uplink/downlink capabilities, designed to work together with other hubs as peer network connections. Generally, it will physically fit in a stack with other hubs or switches thus conserving space and providing for ease of management.

Stand-alone server — See member server.

Standby Monitor — The station in a ring topology that is not an active monitor.

Star Topology — A physical network topology in which each device is connected to a central device with its own dedicated cable. The central devices are called hubs, multiport repeaters, or concentrators. This network topology in which peripheral nodes are connected to a central node, which rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, including the originating node. Note 1: All peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only. Note 2: The failure of a transmission line, i.e., channel, linking any peripheral node to the central node will result in the isolation of that peripheral node from all others. Note 3: If the star central node is passive, the originating node must be able to tolerate the reception of an echo of its own transmission, delayed by the two-way transmission time, i.e., to and from the central node, plus any.

Start Bit — In asynchronous transmission, it is an extra bit indicating the start of a character.

STARTNET.BAT — A file created by the DOS Requester workstation installation program which contains commands that automatically load the workstation files to connect to the server.

STARTUP.NCF — A server configuration file stored on the server’s boot disk. It loads the server’s disk driver.

Static object — Information that has been pasted into a document. Unlike embedded or linked objects, static objects cannot be changed from within the document. The only way you can change a static object is to delete it from the document, change it in the application used to create it, and paste it into the document again. See also embedded object; linked object.

Static Patch — A NetWare utility that updates the NetWare operating system SERVER.EXE file. The patch is DOS-executable, and once applied, it is a permanent change.

Static Routing — A type of routing in which the routing table is entered manually (not created by a routing protocol as in the case of dynamic routing). Once entered, it cannot be changed without human intervention.

Static routing — Static routing limits you to fixed routing tables, as opposed to dynamically updating the routing tables. See also routing table; dynamic routing.

Station Restriction — A feature that restricts the user to login from only those network and stations whose addresses have been assigned to him.

Status Bar — A bar at the bottom of the application window that explains a selected command or prompts you with guidance or instructions. Not all windows have a status bar.

Step capture — A process in which a user captures digital-video data one frame at a time

Still Image Architecture (STI) — A WDM architecture for still image devices. A still image minidriver provides support for still image devices, such as scanners and cameras

Stop Bit — In asynchronous transmission, it is an extra bit indicating the end of a character.

STP — Shielded Twisted Pair. Twisted pair cable that is shielded by a foil or metallic shield to reduce the possibility of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). The more twists per foot the greater the reduction in interference (crosstalk).

Stream — A continuous series of bits, bytes, or other small, structurally uniform units

Streaming architecture — A model for interconnection of stream-processing components, in which applications dynamically load data as they output it. Dynamic loading means data can be broadcast continuously. See WDM streaming

Streaming data — Data continuously broadcast to an application. For example, a broadcast client's user might subscribe to continuously broadcast sports scores

STREAMS — Utility that provides a common interface between NetWare and transport protocols (such as IPX/SPX, TCP/IP, and OSI).

String — A data structure composed of a sequence of characters, usually representing human-readable text.

Stripe Set — A single volume created across multiple hard drives and accessed in parallel for the purpose of optimizing disk access time. NTFS can create stripes sets. Using stripe sets is also called striping, which is an implementation of RAID level 0. A stripe set does not provide fault tolerance; however stripe sets with parity (RAID level 5) do. See also fault tolerance; partition; stripe sets with parity.

Stripe sets with parity — A method of data protection in which data is striped in large blocks across all the disks in an array. Data redundancy is provided by the parity information. This method provides fault tolerance. See also fault tolerance; stripe set.

Structured Query Language (SQL) — A database query and programming sublanguage. SQL (commonly pronounced "sequel" and originally developed for IBM mainframe computers) is an established set of statements used to add, delete, or update information in a table, or request information from one or more tables in the form of a report. There is now an ANSI-standard SQL definition for all computer systems.

STS — Secondary Time Server.A time provider (time source) on a large network where multiple time servers are used. STS does not participate in the polling process (to calculate a common time), but it adjusts its clock based on the polled time.

Stub Area — An area where there is only one ABR, and there cannot be an ASBR (Autonomous System Border Router).

Subdirectory — A directory contained in another directory, also called a subfolder.

Subkey — A key within a key. Subkeys are analogous to subdirectories in the registry hierarchy. Keys and subkeys are similar to the section heading in .ini files; however subkeys can carry out functions. See also key; Windows NT Registry.

Subnet — A portion of a network within an Internet network class, which may be a physically independent network segment, which shares a network address with other portions of the network and is distinguished by a subnet number. A subnet is to a network what a network is to an internet. Subnets are only known locally in a network, and hosts outside the network are not aware of them.

Subnet address — In an Internet Protocol (IP) address, an extension that allows users in a network to use a single IP network address for multiple physical subnetworks. Note: The IP address contains three parts: the network, the subnet, and host addresses. Inside the subnetwork, gateways and hosts divide the local portion of the IP address into a subnet address and a host address. Outside of the subnetwork, routing continues as usual by dividing the destination address into a network portion and a local portion.

Subnet Mask — A number mathematically applied to Internet protocol addresses to determine which IP addresses are a part of the same subnetwork as the computer applying the subnet mask. This 32-bit value allows the recipient of IP packets to distinguish the network ID portion of the IP address from the host ID. See also IP address; packet.

Subordinate Reference — A pointer (reference) to another replica; it does not contain object information itself. Subordinate references are automatically created and maintained by NDS, and are used by NDS to maintain the connectivity of the tree.

Subscription — Stored information describing how a user will have access to an Active Channel Web site, including frequency and method of access

Substitution macros — Are placeholders that are replaced in command strings.

Subtree — During directory replication, this refers to the export subdirectory and all of its subdirectories. See also directory replication.

Supervisor Right — An object right that grants all rights to an object. This is the only object right that gives access to all properties within the object. It is also a property right that gives all rights to a property.

SWAP — A login script command to move the LOGIN utility out of conventional memory into extended or expanded memory, or onto the disk (path) you specify.

Swap file —A virtual memory file on a hard disk containing the memory pages that have been moved out to disk to increase available RAM. This file therefore increases the amount of memory available to running programs. See paging file.

Switch — Also called a switching hub, it is a wire concentrator or hub that provides dedicated transmission channels for each user.

Switched circuit — See dial-up line.

Switching — The controlling or routing of signals in circuits to execute logical or arithmetic operations or to transmit data between specific points in a network. Note: Switching may be performed by electronic, optical, or electromechanical devices.

Symmetrical Multiprocessing (SMP) — A multiprocessing methodology that assigns processes to processors on a fair-share basis. This method balances the processing load among processors and ensures that no processor will become a bottleneck. Symmetrical multiprocessing is more difficult to implement than asymmetrical multiprocessing, as processors must share certain hardware functions.

Synchronization — A process of keeping replicas of an NDS partition identical. All replicas of a partition need to be synchronized, that is, they have to contain the same information.

Synchronization Bit Sync — A method of bit synchronization in which both transmitter and receiver maintain synchronization with the help of an external clocking mechanism which synchronizes the devices’ clocks to the correct bit timing.

Synchronize — To replicate the domain database from the primary domain controller (PDC) to one backup domain controller (BDC) of the domain, or to all the BDCs of a domain. This is usually performed automatically by the system, but can also be invoked manually by an administrator. See also domain; BDC; PDC.

Syntax — The order in which you must type a command and the elements that follow the command. Windows NT commands have up to four elements: command name, parameters, switches, and values.

SYSCON — A NetWare 3.1x command used to control accounting, to manage users and groups, and to assign users’ rights, etc. More than 80% of administrative tasks are usually done using SYSCON utility.

SYSDOCS.CFG — A system configuration file which is created during installation. SYSDOCS.CFG resides in SYS:PUBLIC (or \PUBLIC on CD-ROM) and references document databases available to all users.

SYSInfo — A module of Check It Pro that is used to get system information such as BIOS date, the type of processor, and the amount of memory installed in the computer.

System (Sy) Attribute — An attribute of a file system which identifies all directories and files for use by the operating system only.

System administrator — The person responsible for planning computer or network installation and for ensuring the successful installation and use of the system by other users.

System default profile — In Windows NT Server, the user profile that is loaded when Windows NT is running and no user is logged on. When the Begin Logon dialog box is visible, the system default profile is loaded. See also user default profile, user profile.

System disk — A disk that contains the MS-DOS system files necessary to start MS-DOS.

System Fault Tolerant — A feature on the file server which provides protection from file and data loss and data mismatching.

System log — The system log contains events logged by the Windows NT components. For example, the failure of a driver or other system component to load during startup is recorded in the system log. Use Event Viewer to view the system log.

System Login Script — A login script used by the file server that contains commands for mapping network drives, mapping search drives, setting up environment variables, or setting commands that relate to all or a group of users.

System Network Architecture (SNA) — System Network Architecture is a communications framework developed by IBM. Microsoft System Network Architecture (SNA) is an optional solution that provides a gateway connection between personal computer LANs or WANs and IBM mainframe and AS/400 hosts. See also AS/400; gateway.

System partition — The volume that has the hardware-specific files needed to load Windows NT. See also partition.

System policy — Is created with the System Policy Editor to control user work environments and actions, and to enforce system configuration for Windows 95. System policy can be implemented for specific users, groups, computers, or for all users. System policy for users overwrites settings in the current user area of the registry, and system policy for computers overwrites the current local machine area of the registry. See also registry.

System Policy Editor — A tool with which one can change many common registry settings for an individual computer

Systemroot — The name of the directory that contains Windows NT files. The name of this directory is specified when Windows NT is installed.